However, his disillusionment with it started taking place towards the final phase of the Swadeshi Movement when the trends of political extremism and revolutionary terrorism developed in this entire movement. It may takes up to 1-5 minutes before you received it. The introduction by the compilor examines the historical context of the correspondence and provides an overview of the major issues discussed.

His inclination towards humanity and social reforms increased when he started managing the family estates. However, once bound into a nation the spirit of conflict and conquest, and not cooperation, gains the upper hand, thereby turning nation into a 'geographical demon' which like a selfish individual pursues power, wealth and importance at the cost of others.

In fact, on the issue of nationalism a very interesting debate took place between Tagore and Gandhi captured brilliantly by Romain Rolland in his work on Gandhi and in one of his diary account, where he has brought out the differences made by C.F. This book is a collection of letters and debates exchanged between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore between 1915 and 1941.

That is why, Gandhi advocates the necessity of developing a new lingua franca of India free of hegemonising tendencies of English language. Hence, nation, as conceptualised by Tagore, is not 'a spontaneous self-expression of man as social being' as most of the people think; rather it is a 'political and commercial union of a group of people, in which they congregate to maximize their profit, progress and power.'
However, Tagore was not antithetical to the idea of nation and nationalism from the beginning.

It also analyses Tagore’s understanding of individual freedom as the freedom to reason in the context of Kant’s understanding of the Enlightenment as being constituted primarily by the individual’s freedom in the public use of his/her reason.

While TRACING THE evolution of the ideas of patriotism and nationalism through the ages Johan Huizinga in his lesser known but excellent workBoth Gandhi and Tagore were quite novel and contrasting in their respective approaches towards the critique of contemporary nationalism. In other words, it is an expression of 'the organised self- interest of a people where it is least human and least spiritual' (all these views have been taken from Rabindranath Tagore'sFurthermore, Tagore points out that economic interests, geographical boundaries, a common territory and heredity generally bind people into a nation.

Commenting on the above mentioned critique of nation and nation-state by Tagore, Mohammad Qayum argues that 'the very fact that nation-state is a mechanical organisation, modelled on certain utilitarian objectives in mind, made it unpalatable to Tagore, who was a champion of creation over construction, imagination over reason and the natural over artificial.

In fact, this kind of stand of Tagore, according to Nandy, created some sort of confusion among most of the Indian nationalists of the time for whom nationalism, patriotism and anti-imperialism were a single concept.Nevertheless, it was not just the violent aggressive form of nationalism which Tagore opposed; rather he was equally skeptical of non-violent nationalism represented by Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement.

He argued that nationalism was just another name for appropriation, by brute force if necessary, of the wealth, and raw material of other countries, and that nationalism would ultimately breed isolationism and violate the highest ideals of humanity.Referring to the aggressive tilt that nationalism had taken in most parts of the world including India in early twentieth century, Tagore argued that very soon it would destroy the civilisation.

Andrews between Gandhi and Tagore.According to Tagore, since nation-state emerged in the post- religious laboratory of industrial capitalism, it is only an 'organisation of politics and commerce' that brings 'harvests of wealth' or 'carnivals of materialism' by spreading tentacles of greed, selfishness, power and prosperity. Si vous êtes fan de lecture depuis des années, découvrez sans plus tarder toutes nos offres et nos bonnes affaires exceptionnelles pour l'acquisition d'un produit Gandhi. However, this does not mean that Tagore had abandoned his anti-imperialist strand. To sum up, it was a nation or 'India of his dreams.Moving towards Rabindranath Tagore, as has been argued, he considered imperialism as an external expression of nationalism and cherished the idea of 'internationalism' by moving above the narrowness of the idea of nationalism.

'The aforesaid views of Tagore on nation and nationalism also found their expression in various novels, poems and other literary works produced by him. Need help?
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